Malkauns, also known as Raga Malkosh, is an ancient raga and a very important one in both Hindustani and Carnatic Classical Music. In Carnatic Classical, it is known as Hindolam, not to be confused with the Hindustani Hindol. The name Malkaush is derived from the combination of Mal and Kaushik, which means he who wears serpents like garlands – Lord Shiva.
However, the Malav-Kaushik mentioned in classical texts does not appear to be the same as the Malkauns performed today. Malkauns has a long history and it appears to have undergone numerous changes over the centuries.The Raga is believed to have been created by Goddess Parvati to calm Lord Shiva, when he was outraged and refused to calm down after Tandav in rage of Sati’s sacrifice In Jainism.
it is also stated that Raga Malkauns is used by the Tirthankaras [saviour and spiritual teacher of Dharma (righteous path)] with the Ardhamagadhi Language (a Prakrit language of North India) when they are giving Deshna (lectures) in the Samavasarana (divine preaching hall). Raga Malkauns belongs to the Kauns family which includes Chandrakauns, Sampoorna Malkauns, Sarang Kauns, Gunji-Kauns, Neel Kauns, etc.
Musical Characteristics
Raga Malkauns belongs to Bhairavi Thaat or scale of Hindustani Classical Music. It is a pentatonic (Audav-Audav) raga that has five notes that are Shadaj, Komal Gandhar, Shuddha Madhyam, Komal Dhaivat and Komal Nishad. In western classical notation, its notes can be denoted as: tonic, minor third, perfect fourth, minor sixth and minor seventh.
One would think that with so many komal (flat) notes that it would have a strong minor quality about it. However, upon close examination one would be able to see that the absence of the pancham and the strong presence of madhyam causes the mind to “invert” it. Therefore, it tends to sound surprisingly similar to “Dhani” to which it has a murchana relationship.
In this Raga, Rishabh and Pancham are varjya ,that is, they are completely omitted. The Vadi Swar is Madhyam while Samvadi is Shadaj. These notes in combination portray darkness and secret. The stream of notes in this melody immediately produces the severely tranquil atmosphere. It is a serious and meditative raga, perhaps even sad. Therefore, it tends to be played at slow to medium tempo (vilambit laya to madhya laya) and rendered mostly in lower octave (mandra saptak).
Ornaments such as meend, gamak and andolan are used rather than “lighter” ornaments such as murki and khatka. Komal nishad is generally considered the starting note (graha swara), and the notes komal gandhar and komal dhaivat are performed with vibrato (andolit). The komal nishad in malkauns is different from the komal nishad in Bhimpalasi.
According to Indian Classical Vocalist Pandit Jasraj, Malkauns is a raga that is “sung during small hours of the morning, just after midnight”. So, the best time to sing this raga is late at night. The effect of the raga is soothing and intoxicating.
Swar Notations
| Swaras | Rishabh and Pancham Varjya; Gandhar, Dhaivat and Nishad Komal; Rest all Shuddha Swaras |
| Jati | Audav-Audav |
| Thaat | Bhairavi |
| Vadi / Samvaadi | Madhyam / Shadaj |
| Ideal time to sing | 3rd Prahar of the Night |
| Vishranti Sthan | Sa Ga Ma – Ma Ga Sa |
| Aaroh | Ni Sa, Ga Ma, Dha, Ni Sa’ |
| Avroh | Sa’ Ni Dha, Ma, Ga Ma Ga Sa |
| Pakad | Ma Ga, Ma Dha Ni Dha, Ma, Ga, Sa |
Bandish for practise
*NOTE*
A dot before Ni and Dha denotes Mandra Saptak or Lower Octave.
Ga, Dha and Ni denote Komal Gandhar, Komal Dhaivat and Komal Nishad.
Sargam Geet:
video
The above video includes Chalan of the Raga (Aaroh, Avroh and Pakad), followed by a sargam geet sung in teen taal madhya laya, the lyrics of which are as follows:
STHAYI
Sa’ Ni
Dha Ni Dha Ma Ga Sa Dha Ni Sa Ma Ga Ma Ga -2
Ma Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’ Ni Dha Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Dha Ma, Sa’ Ni
ANTARA
Ma Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’ – Sa’ Dha Ni Sa’ – Ga’ Ma’ Ga’ Sa’ -2
Ma’ Ga’ Sa’ Ga’ Sa’ Ni Dha Dha Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Dha Ma, Sa’ Ni
Bandish 1 : Piya Sang Lar Pachtani Mai
This Bandish is sung in Teen Taal Madhya Laya and it starts from Khali.
STHAYI
Piya Sang Lar Pachtaani Mai -2
Piya Sang Lar Pachtaani
Dekho Aisi Madki Aini Mai -2
ANTARA
Un Bin Maika Kalna Parat Hai -2
Yuhi Rain Bihaani -2
Taraf Taraf Mai Rahi Sej Par -2
Jaise Meen Bin Paani , Mai
TAAN:
STHAYI
1. .Ni Sa Ga Ma Ga Sa Ni Sa Ga Ma Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga Sa (8 Matra)
2. .Ni Sa Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga Sa (8 Matra)
3. Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Sa’ Ga’ Ma’ Ga’ Sa’ Ni Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga Sa (8 Matra)
4. Sa’ Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Ni Dha Ma Dha Dha Ma Ga Ma Ma Ga Ga (12 Matra)
.Ni Sa’ Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’-
ANTARA
1. Sa’ Ni Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga Sa .Ni Sa Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’- (8 Matra)
2. Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Sa’ Ga’ Ma’ Ga’ Sa’ Ni Dha Ma Dha Ni Sa’- (8 Matra)
3. Sa’ Ni Dha Ni Dha Sa’ Ni Dha Sa’ Ni Dha Sa’ Ni Dha Ma-
Ga Ma Dha Ni Sa’ Ni Dha Ma Ga Ma Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga
Sa Dha Ma Ga Ma Ga Sa (16 Matra)
Bandish 3 : Koyaliya Bole Ambuva Ki Daar Par
This Bandish is sung in Teen Taal Madhya Laya and starts from Khali.
STHAYI
Koyaliya Bole Ambuva Ki Daar Par -2
Ritu Basant Ko Det Sandesva -2
ANTARA
Nav Kaliyan Par Goonjat Bhavra -2
Unke Sang Karat Rang Raliya
Ritu Basant Ko Det Sandesva
Bandish 4 : Mag Rokat Aiso Dheet Langar Va
This Bandish is sung in Teen Taal Madhya Laya and starts from the 7th Matra same as in the Sargam Geet above.
STHAYI
Mag Rokat Aiso Dheet Langarva -2
Moso Karat Raar Lagaave Garva -2
ANTARA
Raah Baat Mag Rokat Tokat -2
Aiso Dheetha Nand Ke Chayalva
Etymology
Famously auspicious, Hindu legend tells that the Raga was composed to soothe the rage of Lord Shiva, the God of destruction. Born into royalty, the princess Sati had renounced the material world in honour of Shiva, who she soon married. This displeased her father, the King, who insulted her and berated Shiva’s character.
Sati eventually consumed her anger, taking on the form of the Supreme Goddess Adi Parashakti. Storms broke, and her mortal body burst into flames, unable to contain the power of Goddess. Shiva was distraught when he learned of his wife’s death. He flew into wild rage, placing Sati’s charred corpse on his shoulders and throwing two locks of his hair to the ground. They sprung up to form the two Manibhadra, many armed warrior spirits who wielded swords, tridents and cleavers in their quest for vengeance.
Shiva became lost in an unending tandav dance of destruction and the band roamed the globe, decapitating the King and slaughtering his entourage.Shiva’s fury disturbed his fellow Gods, who implores Lord Vishnu, the preserver, to help. Vishnu brought Sati’s spirit back to earth, reincarnating her as Parvati, the Goddess of devotion. Parvati sought out Shiva, purifying herself by meditating naked in the harsh outdoors and eventually finding him in the forest.
It is said that Parvati first sung the raga as they wandered in the mountains, naming it Mal-Kaushik (he who wears serpents like garlands) after a prominent depiction of Shiva. The music calmed his mind, succeeding where all else had failed. Soon after the couple became husband and wife, Shiva took mercy on his vanquished foes, resurrecting those who had been slain and even reinstating the King to his throne (although he replaced his severed head with that of a goat).
Historians theorise that the raga may have been named through some possible combination of Malavas, an ancient Punjabi tribe, and kaisiki, a microtonal variant of Nishad (the 7th scale degree). But either way, Malkauns is inseparable from its darkly mythic reputation.
Many musicians still fear its supernatural powers. Some believe it can attract evil spirits if not handled correctly, as if the shadows of Shiva’s tandav dance are buried within the raga, waiting to escape. It is said that if one is not in a serious mood, then one should not play or sing Malkauns, extra care must be taken with this raga.
Art of the past : Raag Malkauns Miniature
The painting is part of a ragamala (garland of ragas), a series of miniature paintings that visually depict a raga, accompanied by a poetic inscription which invokes its mood, thereby bringing art, music and poetry together. It uses a reverse perspective, where objects that are further away are bigger and the vanishing point—where converging lines in a work meet—lies where the viewer is, not inside the painting. This has the welcome effect of making us participants in the unfolding scene.
On closer inspection, the colours dazzle, especially the luminous Indian yellow—believed to have been made with the urine of cows fed on mango leaves. The detail in the limited space is astonishing, from the short patterned lines that form the tree leaves to the rich floral pattern on sarees.
Similar ambiguities are found in other Malkauns’ classical Ragamala paintings, mediaeval artworks which depict ragas as characters, colours and shapes. Art historian Klaus Ebeling describes Malkauns as “generally the most difficult to identify among all the ragas”. It can take many forms- a meditating yogi, a passionate lover, a nobleman intoxicating himself with betel nut, and a warrior-king holding a severed head while listening to distant music. These disparate figures may at first glance seem to have little in common, but they all share an immediate contact with some other realm, bridging two worlds with a charged stillness.
Traits of the Raga
Malkauns is a deceptive raga, balancing structural simplicity with unfamiliar tension. Traditionally, it is associated with Veer Rasa (the essence of courage), a quality imbued with acceptance, determination and the absence of infatuation. Traditions in Indian Classical Music ascribes Veer Rasa as not Veer Rasa of the battlefield but a sense of conquering the self and reaching a state of inner satisfaction. If there is heroism here then it is that of the post-battlefield return to camp, filled with relief, longing and mourning.
Musicians describe Malkauns solemnly, as if they must sacrifice part of themselves to fully learn it. The gods of its origin myth were renowned for their severe feats of self-discipline, renouncing civilization and withdrawing to nature. So to some, the raga is a call towards ascetic isolation. But to others, the mythic signifiers point the other way. After all, Parvati used it to ground Shiva’s mind, helping him to re-engage with reality rather than to continue running from his grief.
Raga Malkauns in therapy shows that various laya (tempos) of Malkauns have different effects on high blood pressure and aid to raise low blood pressure. In Indian Culture, Malkauns affects the Nabhi or Manipura Chakra and is often said to evoke a state of intense tranquillity.
The Nabhi Chakra is situated behind the navel and it is said that when consciousness has reached the Manipura Chakra , we have overcome the negative aspects of Svadhishthana Chakra (located right below Manipura Chakra). There are many virtues of the Manipura Chakra such as knowledge, clarity, self-confidence, bliss and wisdom. The Manipura Chakra greatly supports good health and assists us in overcoming many illnesses. When the energy of this Chakra flows freely, the effect is like that of a power station supplying strength, vitality and balance.
In Malkauns, all five swaras are used to start and end melodies on so evoking a tense balance that swings you in many directions all at the same time, a balancing act between all points of the scale like a quantum observer watching from a distance while the universe unfolds. Though this raga has comparatively few rules it is still regarded as one of the hardest to master.
Legendary performance & Bollywood songs using Raag Malkauns
Malkauns has a particular pull for musical obsessives. After all, many have become lost in it. Khayal vocal greats such as Pandit Bhimsen Joshi and Ustad Amir Khan often replaced it at the centre of their repertoire, and Kirana gharana exponent Pandit Pran Nath spent a lifetime working on it. He retreated to live in mountain caves for years at a time, singing to the birds and drawing inspiration from the sounds of water. His ascetic routines even resemble the tales of Shiva and Parvati in the forest.
Malkauns is sometimes said to be most at home when sung rather than played. But instrumentalists have made it their own too – Pandit Nikhil Bnaerjee’s Sitar, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan’s sliding Sarod, Ustad Sultan Khan’s bowed sarangi, Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s flute to name a few. Sangeeta Shankar’s violin brings a warmer approach, a little reminiscent of Hindolam, the carnatic equivalent.
It retains its distinctive essence even in non-classical settings. Mohammed Rafi’s famous rendition of Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko places it in a filmy context, as does Asha Bhosle’s Rang Raliyan. Mentioning a few more bollywood songs based on Raga Malkauns:
1. Ye Toh Sach Hai Ki Bhagwan Hai from the movie “Hum Saath Saath Hain”.
2. Tu Chhupi Hai Kahan by Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle.
3. Balma Mane Na by Lata Mangeshkar.
4. Jaan E Bahar Husn Tera Bemisal Hai from the movie “Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kiya”
In 1968, Shankar-Jaishankar featured it on their landmark Raga Jazz Style, writing a melody that would be picked up by Sarathy Korwar’s Upaj Collective a half-century later in London. Don Cherry’s intriguing free jazz rendition wanders further from the original mood.
Whatever the setting, Malkauns draws the listener away from impulse and delusion towards a suspended realm of contemplation. It balances tranquillity with severity, calming Shiva’s dance of destruction and turning him to reflect on the suffering he had caused. It is unique in its ambiguities, and continues to captivate modern listeners.
No amount of writing can describe this raga in a true sense. Listen to it to experience the bliss of malkauns. Frankly the journey on which malkauns takes the listener to would be an experience to cherish.
